Back in the twenties of the last century archeologists opened in the area of Pakistan ancient barrows with the remains of the largest cities of the bronze age of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. By the way, according to some publications, the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro retain traces of burning flames that destroyed this great city. It was even said that terrible flame was generated almost a nuclear explosion.

Now the crash site is occupied by Pakistani Punjab and Sindh. To date, there is an enormous area, where could accommodate two such States, as Mesopotamia or Ancient Egypt, uncovered the remains of a thousand ancient settlements!

In 1986, Professor George F. Deals from the University of California at Berkeley founded the project of archaeological research of Harappa, which has already passed its first trial stages. The earliest settlement on the site of the Harappa dates back to 3300 BCE - a time when the ancient Sumerians were just beginning to build their first ziggurats (huge pyramid of unfired clay with cut top to the temples). Ancient inhabitants of the Indus valley was then engaged in agriculture, in particular cattle breeding, cultivated barley, legumes and other crops. Archeologists discovered on the North and South of Harappa on the banks of the river Ravi (left tributary of the river Chenab) small villages. Here were found terracotta trinkets and painted sinks. Interestingly, materials for decorations were brought for 300-800 km. Found the remains of fabrics from cotton and wool testified developed textile industry.

The Ruins Of Mohenjo-Daro

Urbanization of Harappa began about 2600 BC and continued until 1900 BC For seven centuries Harappa was one of the largest and most powerful economic and political centers in the Indus valley. In the spring-summer shopping seasons, the city was flooded with hundreds of vendors and thousands of inhabitants of the surrounding villages. The number of permanent residents of Harappa was from forty to eighty thousand people. Archeologists found here wonderful pottery with pictures on religious subjects, and also a kind of printing with carved images of unicorns and cubic stone items, probably used as weights for weighing. Merchants brought here the goods from Afghanistan and Central Asia. Among the imported items were lazuli, tin, silver, gold and textile. Back home came traders took away the grain, cattle, beautiful samples of textiles and perhaps even silk. In those days the city occupied the area of 150 hectares - more than five miles in circumference. Current Harappa is only a third of the former territory and the population does not exceed twenty thousand people. In ancient times local masons built multistory (!) house of brick, located in a straight line from North to South and from East to West. The main streets had a width of 8 m, and in the Central part of the city their width was provided by bilateral traffic of carriages and carts. In and around the town builders constructed wells house equipped swimming pools, toilets and a kind of drains. Wastewater along the special channels assigned for agricultural land for fertilization. Perhaps nowhere in the Ancient world was not as intricate a sewage system. Even in the Roman Empire it came only after two thousand years!

During the heyday of the Harappa in the town was actively developing writing. It consisted of four characters, however, is not yet solved. But it can be assumed that use multiple languages, and they were used for correspondence merchants, landowners and religious figures. This script has spread in all urban centres Indus valley. Widely used printing with images of animals and the ritual scenes. More than 65 % of the known seals had images of unicorns, on the other wore elephants, Indian humpback cattle, Buffalo, bison, tigers and rhinos. Inscriptions on seals meant the names of the local clans, the names of the landowners and legal identity separate violence. Similar designation are also on the pottery. Examples of inscriptions on bronze and gold items belonged to the name of the owner or designated price of these products. The porcelain and earthenware pieces sometimes broke into two parts for participants steam room deals. Copper disks may have been the beginnings of the monetary system. Archaeological finds 2001 testify to the new chronology of development of Indian literature. Before, scientists believed the emergence of stamps and coins" simultaneous, but now it became clear that different types of data artifacts appeared and changed over the years.

Between 2300 and 1900 BC rapidly growing population of the cities of the Indus valley. However, increasing the diversity and excellence of cultural products. During this period they have the combination of labels with images of mythological scenes. Certainly the spiritual leaders of those times used such items for summoning the gods. Although archaeologists these gods to learn yet, they drew attention to the recurring motif of various products - sitting in yogic the Lotus position of men, and with headwear crowned with a horn. In one of the scenes shows sacrificial Buffalo before sitting God. On other items of God surrounded by wild beasts. Some seals are visible goddess in headwear crowned with a horn, fighting with tigers. On clay tiles depicted the goddess, suffocating two tigers or pogruzivshis on the heads of the elephants. Similar scenes found in Mesopotamia (from the epic of Gilgamesh), where the images character fights with two lions. The similarity of these motives suggests that cultural links between these civilizations.

Previously, scientists believed that the ancient cities of the Indus valley were suddenly left the residents of about 1750 B.C. And in fact, by this time, Harappa, if not empty completely, then the city economy is clearly declined. The weakening of the power and the loss of control over the functioning of the city was characteristic not only of the Harappa, but for other cities in the region. Such degradation occurred in Mohenjo-Daro. The impending crisis of the state has led to the gradual disappearance of the will of the elite culture in the area. Disappeared traditional square printing with unicorns and other animals. Stepped out of the use of stone blocks weighing, faded international trade. Stopped the flow of the Harappa of such goods, as painted shells and products made of lapis lazuli. Probably, there is no one cause of the decline of the city. Switching trade routes and the emergence of the settlements in the valley of the Ganges (in the present Indian state of Gujarat) has undermined the political and economic life of Harappa. About 1900 B.C. one of the largest rivers of the Indus valley Ghaggar (to the North of the current Delhi) changed its course and, in General, has dried up, leaving many cities without water. Resettlement in other fertile areas caused the stress in the new habitat. The lack of the authorities of the regular army deprived them of the ability to establish some order in under their domination.

The pace of these changes were different in different regions. Most of the left settlements were plundered, and the later inhabitants of these places buried continuing archaeological evidence of the past.

However, although many cultural objects Indus valley disappeared, some relevant artifacts preserved. Among them was pottery, earthenware and products made of copper and bronze. To the period around 1700 BC concerns the emergence of the first samples of glass jewelry in the Indus valley (for two hundred years before development of this material in Egypt). In the following centuries (from 1200 800 BC) in Northern India and in Pakistan appeared glass bottles and glass beads. Arose and steel production in the North of the Indus valley and along the banks of the Ganges.

In the excavations were also found decoration in the form of stone beads, izgotovlenie at the very early stages of settling the Indus valley. The first samples of stone beads had small openings with a diameter of 1.5-3 mm of Some of the earliest examples were made of soapstone (soft talc, known as soap-stone). Artisans were able to drill in a brasen drills holes for hanging with a diameter of about half a millimeter. After that the necklace was given the right shape with the help of grinding wheels. Finally, the master burned beads in special furnaces at the temperature of 850 OC S. Artisans of Harappa used as materials for beads agate and Jasper. Around 2600 BC wizard Indus valley learned to make a more solid drill, the mystery of which remain undisclosed.

One of the most complex technologies used for production of porcelain beads. Quality faience masters Indus valley was higher than in Egypt or Mesopotamia, because it was made of crushed quartz. Elite classes Indus valley used faience not only for decoration, but also for ritual purposes. Products made of faience with images of different subjects was used in special ceremonies, during which time they were given as gifts to the people, bringing gifts or making sacrifices.
Military actions with the use of nuclear weapons?

In the beginning of XII century BC in India lived mathematician and astronomer of Bhaskara Acharya. In one of his works, "Siddhanta-shiromani" ("Crown doctrine"), among other measurement units, time appears "trutti", component 0,3375 sec. The experts studying the writings of the ancient Indian scientists are puzzled: for what purpose was needed in those days such a unit and how it was measured? However, in still earlier the Sanskrit text, "Breath of Sakata", mentioned "Kasta", the period of time equal... 1/300 000 000 sec! As the ancient Indians used the shares microseconds? After all, "Kasta" may make sense only under the condition that there is a practical need and there are tools to measure time with such precision. Meanwhile, modern physicists know that the time of existence of some elementary particles - hyperons and meson - close to one trehsotmillionnogo of a second. But the assumption that the Indians knew about this in the past, it seems incredible.

And another text, "Varaha-world", dated 550 BC, contains mathematical value commensurate with the size of an atom of hydrogen. Again inexplicable fact?

To understand these mysteries tried Polish journalist and writer and popularizer of science Alexander Mora, published in the 1980s, a monograph entitled "Nuclear war of the gods", and Robert Lesnikovich - journalist, writer, one of Poland's leading UFO researchers and researchers of anomalous phenomena, re otredaktirovano monograph Pestilences, and wrote to her extensive commentary. The results of their research can be called sensational.

So, it turned out that visited in 1966 in the Indian city of Madras, the American writer Thomas Andrews heard there from the yoga of Pandido of Kaniaha interesting confession: "Scientists-the brahmin from time immemorial were required to store a lot of information, meaning that they themselves did not understand. Even their ancestors knew that matter is composed of countless atoms that a large part of the space in the atoms are not filled with matter and that this emptiness there are vast worlds". The words that told him yogi, Andrews gives in his book, "We are not the first".

Who are all these skills were needed 2500 years ago? Documents and artifacts of those times allow confidently answer: nobody. Then there is anyone... But they convincingly suggest that in some more distant era existed on Earth (or was temporarily) civilization, the level of knowledge of physics and technology which modern, and may be even surpassing it. And the fact that the members of the high priestly caste, the Brahmins (brahmin) were required to remember a number of mathematical and physical symbols and values, not understand them, testifies to someone trying to preserve and pass on to future knowledge from the past to the technological era. Well, to some extent, the attempt is successful: at least we know that in the vast distant past such knowledge existed and undoubtedly had a practical value.

Since the beginning of the IV century A.D. booming alchemy, which for almost a thousand years remains in the civilized world, one of the leading Sciences. During all this time there were searches "a philosophical stone", capable to transform into gold not only the silver, but also base metals such as tin. Since ancient times there was a legend that the angels, who entered into marriage with earth women, to teach them the art of pay "simple" metals into gold, as explored in the Book of Genesis and the book of the prophet Enoch. Maybe that here lie the roots of alchemy? And may they, as well as the origins of this biblical tradition, go much further "in the darkness of centuries", date back to the times when the Earth was inhabited by intelligent beings who were able directional impact on intra-atomic structure of chemical elements in such a way that one element into another. (By the way, such a level of development reached and modern nuclear physics.)

Moreover, there is reason to believe that these intelligent beings not only transformed one into the other, but also created (and used) a nuclear weapon. And not only nuclear.

In ancient Indian epos ' Mahabharata ' describes the military actions that took place thousands of years ago. Among common for those times episodes of ancient battles, there are scenes in which it is easy to recognize the use of... artillery, missiles, military aircraft, and nuclear weapons! Almost to the middle of XX century these scenes were perceived as fantastic. But after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki their reality becomes clear to any inhabitant of the Earth.

In Drona Parva" - one of the books "of Mahabharata" - tells about the battle, during which the explosions of shells, like a huge ball of fire, causing storms and storm, unsettling the whole army. As a result of these explosions are many enemy soldiers with weapons, munitions elephants and horses are raised into the air and are carried away by a powerful storm, as the dry leaves from the trees. It also describes the process of emergence of mushroom clouds characteristic of thermonuclear explosion. It is compared with the disclosure of a giant umbrella. After these explosions, the food was poisoned, the survivors was sick, and symptoms correspond exactly to the basic characteristics of radiation sickness - they have vomiting, fell hair and nails, and then comes death. An interesting detail is that the texts say that those who were in the impact zone of explosions can be saved, if removed from the body surface all metal objects and, immersed in water of the river, thoroughly wash their bodies. Similarly, people should do with their Pets, if you want to save them. That is, describes the process of decontamination, which in these cases and in our days.

But as to the "Mahabharata"and also in "Ramayana" - ancient Indian epic poem in Sanskrit scenes of fighting with the use of nuclear weapons and their consequences: "...One shell exploded with stronger, overriding force. Incandescent column of smoke and flame, such as dazzling as 10,000 suns, rushed into the sky in all its terrifying greatness... It was an unknown weapon, Metal Zipper, a gigantic messenger of death, turned to ashes all people Vrishni and Andhaka. Their bodies were terribly burned. They have fallen hair and nails, their pottery broke without apparent cause, and all the birds in the district of white feathers. After several hours, all the food was poisoned... to Escape from this fire, the soldiers threw themselves into the river to wash themselves and their equipment".
Necessary epilogue

"There was a powerful vortex... it Seemed that the Sun was approaching the Earth, the world is burnt in a flame, burned hot. Elephants and other animals, incinerated with energy weapons, raced, trying to flee... Even the water was so hot it burned all the living creatures that are in it... the Soldiers of the enemy fell, like trees, fallen in mad fire fighting elephants fell to the ground and wildly roared in pain. Other animals trying to escape from the fire darted in different directions, as the fire in the forest. Horses and wagons, and burned by the energy of these weapons, were the tops of the trees, burnt in forest fire..."

In one of the books "of Mahabharata" - "Karna Parva" even given the size of unprecedented lethal weapons: "a Deadly Arrow - like Mace death. The size of its three cubits and six feet. Its strength is as a thousand lightning Indra, and it destroys all life around".

It is known that in order to use nuclear weapons you need to have the means of its delivery to the targets for destruction. Judging by the text of the Mahabharata, with them the ancient inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent, too, everything was in order. In the epic contains more than 230 verses containing detailed and very real design description, missiles, aircraft, and other vehicles, the most extensively described ancient flying machines Vimana. In the book "Sadarangani Suchithra" compared different types of aircraft, mentioned advantages and disadvantages of each of them, are takeoff and flight characteristics, ways of landing. Special attention is paid to characteristics of materials - structural, such as wood, light metals and their alloys, as well as materials used to create the driving force. The latter, oddly enough, is and mercury.

Here is a description of takeoff Vimana: "Under the influence of forces, hidden in mercury and creating the driving wind vortex, the person inside the car, can make a trip to China dal... using mercury wieman can acquire power, not inferior force lightning... If this iron engine properly connected parts to be filled with mercury, and its upper part to report the required heating, it will begin to develop the capacity, making a sound like the roar of a lion... the machine will immediately appear in the sky and will be visible there as pearl". In Ramayana is told that he had seen from above God Rama, his wife SITA during the flight from Sri Lanka to India. And the description is replete with such detail that the author could only if seen them from above with your own eyes. And besides, about this old aircraft referred to in almost modern language: the unstoppable in its motion with incredibly high speed, fully managed, with space with Windows and comfortable Seating. It is characteristic that in both epics and expressed concern over the consequences of use of nuclear weapons. In the "Mahabharata" there are verses which, despite their archaic language and pathetic, modern fighters for a world without nuclear weapons could be used as their slogans: "You are cruel and mean, drunk and blinded by power, with your Iron Lightning you will bring death to their own people".

And "Ramayana" warns: "the Arrow of Death has such power that can in one minute to destroy the whole Earth, and its terrifying sound, spreading among flame, smoke and steam... heralds the universal death."

In the book "Bada Parva" told about the environmental consequences of the use of atomic bombs: "Flashbut there is a substance similar to the fire, and even now covered with bubbles the hills, rivers and trees, and all kinds of plants and herbs are reduced to ashes".

And, finally, "Musala Parva" there is a verse about awakened the consciousness of what a nuclear weapon is a threat to the whole world. There is mentioned a case of voluntary refusal from nuclear warheads and their destruction: "After painful hesitations, the Governor gave orders to destroy Iron Zipper, smash it to pieces and grind them to powder. He called the people... so they threw the powder into the sea..."

Many fragments of ancient texts of different peoples, in which, apparently, is described nuclear weapons, results in his book "memories of the future", "Back to the stars", "the last Prophet" and other staunch supporter of the hypothesis paleokontakta earthlings with aliens Erich von d?niken. He believes that such weapons were used in wars with primitive inhabitants of the Earth developed aliens from outer space. But it seems unlikely that civilized aliens had the idea to use nuclear charges against primitive peoples, armed with bows and arrows. Even if we leave aside the moral and ethics, intelligent aliens realized that it's just not economically feasible. Surely they have for such cases "was with him, and something simpler, cheaper...

So, most of all, the alleged nuclear war was not between "advanced" aliens from outer Space and terrestrial savages, and between the Terrans, which was about our present level of development, at least in the military-technical sphere. And broke out in a terrible tragedy not only in the Indian subcontinent - she swept the globe. Modern earthlings so far managed to avoid the nuclear nightmare, but our ancestors did not manage...
Another epilogue: "Maybe this Greek fire"?

Some scientists believe that in the "Mahabharata" describes the use of weapons, its damaging impact very reminiscent of nuclear and Mohenjo-Daro even called Hiroshima Ancient world, because it allegedly discovered the ruins with traces of high-temperature and shock blast wave. And they found skeletons of the inhabitants of Mohenjo-Daro, in the opinion of some researchers suggest that their death was sudden. While still remember drevnerusskie cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, instantly incinerated God for reigning in their depravity and spiritual decline of their inhabitants.

Where in ancient times took a nuclear weapon? Naturally, it was brought to the Earth by aliens. The hypothesis of paleokontakta our distant ancestors and the alien invaders get some material evidence.

However, a number of conscientious authors rightly notes that the traces of high-temperature strange nature are found in the ruins of ancient towns and fortresses in Babylonia (territory of modern Iraq), in Hattusa (Turkey), and also in other places. So, in ancient times, almost across the globe raged nuclear war? Skeptical scientists try to explain it all the more mundane reasons than an all-out nuclear war aliens against earth men armed with stone axes aborigines. The melting walls interpret the application in the ancient building stones, which were volcanic bombs thrown from craters of volcanoes. However, this interpretation is also unconvincing, since, for example, the hypothesis of volcanic bombs have not found geological confirm, as the hypothesis of our contemporary Professor M. Dmitrieva that the tragedy of Mohenjo-Daro could be the result of a special process in the atmosphere, which led to the formation and explosion of so-called black lightning.

From a more recent historical sources we have information about the so-called "Greek fire". Army of the Eastern Roman Empire, which for a thousand years experienced the Western Roman Empire, was armed with some heavy duty weapon, called "Greek fire". Some historians claim that in many respects thanks to the "Greek fire" army of the Byzantine Empire, as was also called the Eastern Roman Empire, managed to withstand the invasion of hordes of barbarians, which destroyed its Western sister. By the way, Chronicles of Kievan Rus describe the defeat of the Kiev Prince Igor, the fleet was destroyed by the Byzantines using this "Greek fire".

Still, it was commonly considered the view that "Greek fire" was an incendiary mix, which is used with primitive analogue flamethrower. Moreover, one of the Byzantine emperors in the admonition of his heir wrote that the mystery of "Greek fire" came to the rulers of Constantinople from the depth of centuries, and if someone from foreign rulers will extort from him, where, say, you got it, you have to answer - this is a "gift of God's angel".

Well, we can assume that with the help of "Greek fire destroyed all of the above ancient fortresses and cities. But then arises the remark itself incendiary mixture can oplevet fortress stones, but can not create a powerful shock wave and especially to cause terrible sound. Moreover, until we reached a recipe notorious Byzantine super weapon. "Greek fire" consisted of light fractions of oil, wood turpentine and... quicklime. Quicklime, as you know - the material did not combustible, and at first glance it is unclear why he was in the desired formula. However, it seems, is the answer to the mystery of "Greek fire", which can be called "atomic bomb antiquity".

The thing is that in fact "Greek fire", obviously, was not similar incendiary mixtures for flamethrowers, and the so-called "ammunition volumetric explosion" or "vacuum bomb". Explain what is "ammunition volumetric explosion". The air bomb, an artillery shell is a special liquid pyrotechnic composition, which at hit undermined small charge and turns into an aerosol cloud, mixing with the oxygen in the surrounding air. Then special secondary detonator of the formed aerosol cloud after a specified period of time undermined. The capacity of such ammunition in 10-15 times more power ordinary ammunition equal weight and equal content explosives. Plus "vacuum bomb destroys the living force of the enemy hiding in underground shelters and bunkers.

For the first time "vacuum bomb" in combat applied USA in 1983 in Lebanon. According to eyewitnesses, multi-storey house in Beirut was as if impacted into the land of giant hammer, and those of its inhabitants who were hiding in the basement of the house, every one of them were killed. Now back to the "Greek fire". Indeed, if in the above recipe "Greek fire" add the water, then there quicklime will react with water, and released during this heat will transfer the light oils and wood turpentine in the vapor state, forming the very aerosol cloud, as in the case of "ammunition volumetric explosion". And just shoot at him with an arrow with a lighted tip, as happens most powerful explosion.

Imagine - the enemy army has seized the ancient Indian city of Mohenjo-Daro, around the town's fortifications are tens of throwing catapults, evenly hurl clay vessels with analogue of "Greek fire", in which immediately before the shot add a quantity of water. Clay vessels with a hell of a mixture, yet when it reaches to the ground, blow up sharply from accumulated water vapor, turning in an aerosol cloud. Hundreds of aerosol clouds are mixed into one large, which are shot from catapults burning arrows, and a monstrous explosion turns prosperous city in molten fire ruins. Than not "atomic bomb ancient times"! By the way, now there is a new version of the death of the biblical Sodom and Gomorrah. Allegedly, they were destroyed in the explosion explosive mixture of air and a large number of hydrogen sulfide, which broke ground by a strong earthquake. But there is another hypothesis legendary incident.

Sodom and Gomorrah was famous monstrous wickedness. What if some religious fanatics secretly brought in these cities large number infernal mixture, such as the "Greek fire", and one night filled in camouflaged vessels with a mixture of water, quickly withdrew to gathered round the city height and shot formed a giant aerosol cloud burning arrows?.. Here and described later ancient Greek historian Strabo in his work "Geography" have burnt with fire rocks and ash in the legendary district of Sodom and Gomorrah.

Over time, the ancient lost secret of the application of "Greek fire", as it happened, most likely, and with the Byzantines and reached us strange recipe of light fractions of oil, wood turpentine and totally unnecessary in incendiary mixture of powder, quicklime. And only in the end of 50-ies of XX century the Soviet and American gunsmiths re-invented "ammunition volumetric explosion", or the same "Greek fire" - "the gift of God's angel".