"Psychoanalysis, as he liked to emphasize Freud himself, was his creation. And the greatest achievements, and shortcomings of this theory to bear the stamp of personality of its founder. For this reason the origins of psychoanalysis should be sought in the person of Freud," wrote American psychologist and sociologist Erich Fromm. In fact, what it was for a scientist changed the very foundations of the people's ideas about themselves, boldly declaring that the world is ruled low instincts, that every boy dreams of sex with his mother, and the girl to jump into bed to the father?

Involuntarily there is a temptation to erect the roots of such shocking theories psychiatric issues of their Creator. It generated a lot of biographical literature on Sigmund Freud. Over the mystery of his legendary personality fought philosophers, doctors, psychologists, art historians, philologists...

And what is the result? We can boldly say: there is no evidence that the founder of psychoanalysis was the victim of some family of horrors. "Skeletons in the closet" in his childhood is not detected.

"...I WANT!"

Sigmund Freud was born on the sixth of may, 1856, in the provincial town of Freiburg on the border

Prussia and Poland. From Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, half-asleep well maintained Freiburg was separated by a good two hundred and fifty miles. Sigmund was first born a poor but happy Jewish couples and has always been in a privileged position compared to their brothers and sisters. Freud himself, subsequently, however, preferred not to talk about his relationship with his mother, but malenikii stroke to the portrait. When Sigmund was only eight years old, his mother tried to give the children the basics of music education, and started to deal with his daughter Anna. Young Freud was irritated by the sound of the piano, and he demanded to remove from home tool. And what? Wish it was immediately executed only because the pet parents did not like the noise...

16 year Sigmund shortly before the end of school and his mother Amalia Freud. 1872


Obviously, Sigmund had every reason to feel their own importance, almost exclusivity in the eyes of both mother and father - quiet, friendly, soft, devoid of any ambitions of man. Jakob Freud treated eldest son as a kind of treasure and never to anything he was not forced. And Sigmund, in turn, very early acquired the habit to dominate in the family and sincerely believed that is worthy of worship relatives. And later, throughout his life, he needed the love and admiration of others, both in the air and bread.

THE HERO IS THE AUTHORITY

If a child something and lacked is the parent authority. Young Sigmund admired the great leaders. His heroes were Hannibal, General Massena, Napoleon. Even his toy soldiers he called the name of Napoleon's marshals. Later, at the age of seventeen, I dreamed to become a political leader, was fond of fashion while Marxism. But even more of his enchanted with the image of the prophet Moses...

So his father, it is not heroic personality, besides forever in need of money, was to Freud's disappointing. When Sigmund was about twelve years old, Jacob told him about one unpleasant case: once, a man knocked his hat off his head, crying: "the Jew, out of my way!" After listening, Freud Jr. asked in this situation, how did the father, and was just shocked to discover that he has not replied to the blows, and silence fell on the road and picked up the unfortunate hat

"I was amazed, " wrote later Freud, such negorelskoe behavior by large and strong men. I have compared the scene to another, where the father of Hannibal, hamilkar Barka, made his son swear on the family altar revenge Romans".

"Poverty and destitution, poverty and extreme poverty", he remembers his childhood. It is not surprising that along with political ambitions another passionate dream of Freud becomes financial prosperity.

FAME, MONEY OR LOVE?

Sigmund was a brilliant student at the Lyceum, his success in language, literature, history, philosophy caused delight of teachers and, as often happens, undisguised hatred of the classmates. Becoming older, for some time he was tossed about, not knowing what career to choose - right or philosophy. In the end, unexpectedly even to himself, he entered the medical faculty of Vienna University, after which eight years he worked at the Institute of physiology.

Freud has various scholarships, wrote articles, and even books, studying first eels, fish and crustaceans, and then rising to brain research from human embryos. Alas, no money, no glory to him, this flurry of activity is not brought, as well as service as an assistant at the Vienna General hospital, even though Freud was already in the rank of an associate Professor of neuropathology.

Only in 1884 in Freud had a real chance to get rich. He brought in the vein of Measurement known in those days, the alkaloid cocaine - and quite expected to be the first to open its properties. But here is a failure. Shortly before Sigmund met my first true love.

Her name was March Verneuil. Small, fragile, like a porcelain figurine, twenty-year-old beauty immediately won his heart. Throwing everything - including their budding research cocaine - Sigmund with Martha went on a journey. New substance came to grips with his friends, Koenigsten and Koller. They eventually belonged opening: cocaine has local anesthetic action. Sigmund had to be confined to a kind of experiments on himself and eventually fervently recommended to everyone cocaine as a treatment for depression and to relieve fatigue.

His relationship with Martha didn't sound like idyllic. They were accompanied by strife, violent scenes of jealousy on the part, of course, Sigmund, dizzying changes of delight and despair. The engagement lasted four years. Presumably, Martha had enough time to evaluate how difficult man she had gathered of the con- ' say its fate. But Freud was persistent, knew very well what she wants and know how to achieve this. In 1886 young people are finally married.

DIALOGUES WITH A STATUETTE

The choice of Sigmund had proved very successful. March Verneuil was a unique woman, the perfect wife. She gave birth and brought up six children, led house and never had anything to do with complaining. She was sufficiently patient and wise to blind eye to look at short but stormy relationship with her husband for a sister of Mine; not to notice too close relations with Sigmund outstanding doctor-otolaryngologist Wilhelm Flisom, moved far beyond friendship. During one of the meetings with Flisom Freud even lost consciousness from haunted his emotions - not Platonic nature. Freud himself explained the occurrence of "uncontrolled homosexual sense"...

Sigmund Freud was a person, of course, authoritarian, and in relations with his wife, this has manifested itself in full. At his insistence on March almost completely broke with his family, not to mention the friends of his youth. Because of her marital duty was to completely belong exclusively to one person - husband.

In the years of engagement Sigmund violently caring for the bride, showered passionate letters and otherwise sought its location. When the period of conquest was successfully completed, place Martha in his life was limited to the notorious German "three": Kinder, Kiiche, Kirche...

Reckless devotion to her husband, a readiness to obey any of his whims and lack of personal desires and aspirations -1 all this is present in the character of Martha in superlatives. How else it could withstand a way of life that had doomed her marriage? Freud not only did not March with you on trips abroad, but even during family dinners set ourselves a small statuette, one of the last antique acquisitions, and used this inanimate object as an interlocutor, completely ignoring the presence of the wife.

THE PURITAN - THEORIST SEX

For the sake of justice it is worth noting that Sigmund Freud generally had little interest in women as objects of sexual desire. It is paradoxical, but the fact is people that put in his theory of sexuality in the center, was by nature a Puritan, for which the carnal desire is not meant almost nothing. After the birth of her daughter Anna, he completely lost interest to sex, which was unusual for the full force of forty men. In "the Interpretation of dreams, Freud describes the episode when he once experienced physical interest to the young woman and even involuntarily touched her: it seemed amazing that he's still able to experience such impulses.

't experienced it and emotional intimacy with representatives of the opposite sex. Not accidentally, the following sentence Freud: "the great question that has no answer, and to which I myself am not able to answer, despite thirty years of research feminine soul, is: what does a woman?"

"He hardly liked people, even in the case when no erotic components," says Erich Fromm. Why? Here, perhaps, is again to listen to the Freud:

"My love is for me something certainly valuable, I can't irresponsibly to throw it... If I love somebody else, he should somehow deserve my love. (I distracted here from the use as he may I bring, and of its possible values are as sex objects...)".

Harshly and frankly. Could more clearly Express the idea that from the point of view convinced in his own greatness of a person other minor individuals simply do not want to spend on them mental strength.

Maybe the birth of psychoanalysis and was desperate attempt to learn that the very founder of this doctrine was not available from personal experience? Not testing, to try to understand the feelings, mechanisms emotions that underlie behavior of millions of ordinary ordinary people?..

In AUTUMN 1895

If in childhood Sigmund Freud secretly identified himself with the prophet Moses, the question is: what kind of a prophet without religion, without some truth to him again ordered to bring to people?

My own special way, for which he had originally intended, Freud found not at once. Psychoanalysis as the system began to take shape only in the autumn of 1895.

"I fly breakdown of different types", - an announcement he made in newspaper, betting on a private practice. The first Cabinet of Dr. Freud became one of the rooms in his apartment on Berggasse, 19. Friends - the doctors sent the first patients, however, at first nothing but mutual disappointment, extract from the session failed. Freud groping was looking for the optimal methods of treatment of mental disorders: electrotherapy,hypnosis, massages, baths, diet... it was All in vain. Especially hard it was given hypnotherapy: one of the distinctive features of Sigmund Freud was the inability to look into the eyes of the interlocutors. Nevertheless he managed to overcome his own problem and trying hypnosis for their patients, has achieved some success, is so impressive that Vienna has spread a rumor that Dr. Freud - the Wonderworker. But soon began a series of failures. He refused hypnosis, as earlier, from medicinal and physical therapy, and decided to test the method was widely used in the practice of his colleagues Dr. Bernheim: put a hand on the patient's forehead and demanded a story about, what are the painful symptoms. Already being an experienced psychologist, Freud caught in this story forgotten something unpleasant, forced out of consciousness.

Then came one of the basic rules of psychoanalysis: to lay the patient on the couch and sit at his head. One of the first patients was kind of Emma von N. Freud pressed on her mind, asked painful questions, encouraged forced confessions, but could not achieve a therapeutic effect. Until not allowed Emma relax and spontaneously to speak out, by having recourse to the method of free associations and allowing the release of the subconscious.

It is the Unconscious and its impact on all areas of human behavior became the main, fundamental discovery of Dr. Freud.

"Everything fell into place, - wrote Freud Fliss - all gear came into gear, and it seemed that to me a machine that clearly and independently operated... it All came to their relationship..."

THE CASE WENT

The fee for the session, appointed Dr. Freud was very decent in those times the amount of forty crowns, or one pound thirteen shillings (the price of a good costume). Interestingly, the cost of therapy was invariably equal success. Sometimes Freud as an experiment refused payment for their services, and in such cases the efficiency of the session sharply declined...

The session, he limited fifty minutes. And the very basis of his teachings made the principle of non-interference, nestulia, indifference to the patient: "the Analyst must long to listen, not to show reaction and only from time to time to insert some comments. The analyst should not meet the patient's own assessments and advice..."

By the beginning of XX century Freud already clearly understood that the time had come to implement its most daring and ambitious plans. He created the doctrine has gained new followers. "What were his devoted disciples? wrote Fromm. - Urban intellectuals with a deep need ideally, the leader in the movement, but devoid of any religious, political or philosophical ideals and beliefs... a Growing circle of analysts belonged to the same environment: in the majority of these were intellectuals who come from the middle class. The huge popularity of psychoanalysis in the West, particularly the United States, without a doubt, has the same social basis. It is the middle class, for whom life has lost sense. Psychoanalysis has become a substitute for religion..."

If you'you think about it, Freud was not a subverter of the basics, offering society something new. Undoubtedly encounter the following illusion: if psychoanalysis can get rid of many taboos associated with sexual aspirations of a person, he gives freedom from guilt for some shameful desires, from internal self-restrictions associated with an insoluble contradiction between the demands of morality and primitive, invincible instinct.

IF YOU CANNOT. BUT I REALLY WANT...

In reality, Dr. Freud was not enthusiastic supporter of freedom - in any sense. Human nature did not inspire him not the slightest optimizma, by and large, respect: "Without domination over the crowd on the part of the minority, " he wrote, is to do as impossible as and without coercion, which requires hard work, a by-product of civilization, for the crowd inert and foolish, she does not like to refuse from the attraction of instinct, it is impossible to convince a reasonable arguments the need for such a refusal, and the individuals that make up the crowd, support each other in connivance own immorality. Only under the influence can serve as an example of recognized leaders crowd allows to involve oneself in labour and agrees on abstinence, required the existence of civilization". On the contrary, an essential quality of a person truly civilized standing in all senses above the crowd, Freud believed puritanical attitude to the pleasures of the flesh, the ability to fully submit their instinctive needs of the dictatorship of the mind - and as an example, could give himself. And for all that found quite acceptable to throw all the other "social animal" tidbit in the form of the removal of internal prohibition on those "low demand", to make eternal forbidden fruit something quite ordinary and reasonable. If the person is by definition not capable of overcoming their own unworthy nature, at least not dwell in this regard in a state of permanent internal discord, leading to the worst consequences in the form of neurosis and hysteria,"

In short, the popular expression, "if it is impossible, but I really want is you" is consistent with the original essence of psychoanalytic gospel...

SUCCESS

An enthusiastic audience of the century rushed into the office of Dr. Freud river. He was forced to work hard for twelve or fourteen hours a day. The necessity arose to help the young associates - max Kahane and Rudolf Ratler. Soon afterwards, this circle has become much broader. Now Freud regularly, every Wednesday, spent at home exercises, dubbed Psychological society environment. The fifth of March 1902 Emperor Francois - Joseph I signed the decree about assignment to Sigmund Freud title of Professor assistant. In 1908 formed the Vienna psychoanalytic society. Here was going decadent Bohemond, the meetings were not only doctors, but also writers, musicians, poets, publishers. House for Berggasse, 19 was constantly filled with celebrities. On the methods of Freud was recorded by people living in different countries, he receives an invitation to lecture in the United States...

In 1922, the University of London celebrated the five greatest geniuses of humankind. These were defined as Philo. Maimonid, Spinoza, Einstein and Freud.

But a year later to Sigmund Freud was terrifying diagnosis: cancer of the oral cavity. In April 1923 he moved first painful surgery. For sixteen years the Messiah of psychoanalysis has ascended to his personal Golgotha, stoically battling the disease.

"MEIN KAMPF" INSTEAD OF SCIENCE

In 1933, the Nazis virtually eliminated the psychoanalytic movement. The psychoanalysts-Jews had to leave the International psychoanalytical Association and to submit to the Universal German society of psychotherapy, which was headed by doctor of Goering, a cousin of Germia Goring. In the first issue of the "Central psychotherapeutic newspaper", published in December 1933, as a fundamental document it is recommended that all members of the Association "Mein Kampf". And in the same issue of not who other, as Carl Gustav Jung, said a statement on the division of German and Jewish psychology...

In Berlin publicly burned the books of Sigmund Freud, and on March 15, 1938 in his apartment had been agents of the security services. They raided and departed, having received as a payoff six thousand shillings. However, only a week later, the Gestapo arrested Freud's daughter, Anna, who was walking in the footsteps of his father and was headed by the World psychoanalytic society.

The family Freud had no other choice, except exile in London. But this release became possible only after at the request of the American Ambassador Bullitt intervened President Roosevelt.

By the time the state of health of Freud became hopeless. And the date of his death, he identified himself by contacting one last request to the doctor Shura, watching him for many years. Within two days, every twelve hours, he entered his great patient certain doses of morphine. on September 23, 1939 came the coma, and in a few hours, Sigmund Freud died.